... two-step regression residuals coefficient bias discretionary accruals real earnings management A common research design in accounting uses ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions estimated in two steps. The two-step research design first uses OLS to estimate the expected level of some...

...Subprasiri (Jackie) Siriviriyakul ABSTRACT I empirically assess the extent to which real earnings management metrics capture opportunistic behavior versus firms' fundamental factors such as performance. For the traditional proxies proposed by Roychowdhury (2006) , I find (1) the economic...