... decreased performance. This indicates that RPI may reinforce a sense of not belonging. In Study 2, where employees self-select their reference group, our results suggest that they generally sort themselves according to their sense of belonging. Anticipating RPI, however, can induce employees to select...

... where prize spread information is absent). We show that this result is driven by greater homogeneity in the ability of tournament contestants when the availability of tournament prize spread information provides self-selection opportunity. JEL Classifications: C91; D83; M40. Data Availability...