... ,   τ 1 ε = τ 2 ε ≡ τ ε ). Let the average biases of the first and second firm be b₁ and b₂, respectively, and let b^B be the average bias of each firm under simultaneous reporting. There exist thresholds τ I...

... on IR websites, but also document evidence of strategic disclosure of individual analysts. Investors and regulators have expressed concerns that analysts are subject to alleged conflicts of interests that result in biased research. These concerns prompted numerous attempts to moderate conflicts and bias...

... competing hypotheses about how reviewers respond to a preparer's judgment when it appears to be biased by affect. When reviewers suspect that affect biased the preparer's judgment, making it too positive or too negative, but do not know the extent of the bias, reviewers will try to rely less...